E-LOGOS, 2012 (vol. 19), issue 1
History of Philosophy
Základní struktura stoické metafyziky
Miroslav Vacura
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-23 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.332
Intention to examine metaphysics of stoic philosophical schools faces number of obstacles. Metaphysics was attractive to the most ancient of stoics, i.e. Zenon, Chrysippus and Cleanthes whose philosophical works were lost and none of them survived until now. Their philosophical teaching is available to us only via secondary sources whose authors are usually very hostile to stoic philosophy. The teachings of these authors also differentiated in some aspects and philosophy of the stoic school itself underwent some development and changes that are difficult to interpret on the basis of secondary sources only. Being aware of these difficulties we try to...
K Englišově kritice Schopenhauerovy filosofie poznání
Jitka Melzochová, Tomáš Vaverka
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-21 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.334 
Great Logic should have become the masterpiece of livelong theoretical activity of Karel Englis; this work is preserved in the form of a voluminous manuscript (about 2500 pages) and has not yet been published. The first outcome of our ongoing effort for publishing the manuscript is the study "The Critique of Schopenhauer". The authors of the text publish the transcription of a part of the manuscript that is supplemented by notes to make the contents more accessible for contemporary reader. Schopenhauer's epistemology is one of the fundamental inspirations for Englis's theory of orders of thought. Englis's critique of Schopenhauer gives us the guidance...
Philosophy of Science
Filosofie a ekonomie. K dílu Karla Engliše
Barbora Novotná Březovská
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-13 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.315
The contribution focuses on the personality of Karel Engliš, which was and still is important for many reasons. One of them is the formulation of its original epistemic theory - the teleological understanding of reality. This concept turns out him in perhaps unusual light to be a philosopher. The contributions shows the readers the works and with those thoughts that confirm philosophical erudition of Karel Engliš, and offers an interesting combination of economics and philosophy.
Příspěvek k současné filosofii a metodologii vědy se zaměřením na inter- a transdisciplinární výzkum
Zdeněk Smutný, Václav Řezníček
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-21 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.317
The contribution points to the current position (role) of transdisciplinary approach in science, which highlights the need, importance and reason for inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration across the humanities and natural sciences. The interpretation is based on fundamental ideological foundations of philosophy and methodology of science and puts the issue into a broader computerization context, or so-called information society, which creates new (virtual) worlds (as products of a constructive type of rationality). Described development in science entails a change of approach to education. The foreground is now (again) the question of multidisciplinary...
Ako a čím sa od seba odlišujú slabo, stredne a silne usmernené procesy
Robert Burgan
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-31 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.319
The following Paper attempts to justify the determination of three types of processes in the Universe being observed - the weakly, medium and strongly directed processes, the determination of which is based upon various extent of autonomy of their structural elements and various extent or intensity of laws by which these are directed or controlled. Individual and particular processes are in fact identical with individual and particular systems through which or in which and by which these are fully implemented having thus always and everywhere their own substantial content. Based upon these factors we determine weakly directed processes within an inanimate...
Je biologická evolúcia slabo, stredne alebo silne usmerneným procesom?
Robert Burgan
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-35 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.320
The following Paper attempts to discuss whether the biological evolution is an autonomous and peculiar process sui generis, i.e. of its respective type with own specific biological laws with clearly separable and explicit line from less progressive organisms up to ever more progressive ones, or whether it is only secondary strongly stochastic or even totaly contingent process that is not determined by any specific biological laws or "rules" having no clearly separable and explicit line from less progressive organisms up to ever more progressive ones, and in the event it would be repeated under significantly unchanged reproduction conditions then it...
Časopriestorová lokalizácia vesmírnych civilizácií
Robert Burgan
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-48 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.325
In the first part of this paper we discuss the conditions and circumstances under which extraterrestrial civilisations probably emerge in the universe; finding-out that extraterrestrial civilisations of a type known to us (i.e. humanoid) emerge only in certain localities of our universe where they exist only to a certain time depending on pre-given and ever changing local and later global conditions of existence. In the second part we focus more on internal existence limits of extraterrestrial civilisations that are as specific forms or specific realizations of social form of matter motion determined and influenced by specific parameters of people...
Ako (asi) vzniklo ľudské vedomie (a prečo ním disponujú iba ľudia)
Robert Burgan
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-55 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.326
In the first part of this article, we make the reader familiar with great variety of definitions and views on consciousness and self-consciousness, which are currently available in philosophical literature as well with the main concepts of consciousness from Anglosas scientific literature. In the second part, we try to find how possibly and under what conditions was the human consciousness created in the prehistoric era. In the third part, we discuss and try to define what actually is the consciousness, based on its potential creation, and try to explain why only we - human thinking, talking and feeling beings - have it.
Likertovo škálování
Aleš Rod
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-13 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.327
Science and scientific work are in accordance with generally accepted axiom considered as something that generates scientific discoveries, and by that positively moves a human civilization forward. However, a fundamental attribute of wide groups of "phenomenon" creates barriers for scientific discoveries - this attribute is immeasurability. Especially in the social sciences, immeasurability is associated with the absence of hard data, which intensively limits the range of methods that could be applied in the scientific work. Nevertheless, there is a method that aims to eliminate this deficit and, while using the method correctly (i.e. with respect...
Nereálné předpoklady ekonomie hlavního proudu jako podmínka matematizace ekonomie
Lukáš Pfeifer
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-23 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.329
The article deals with the comparison of assumptions of austrian and mainstream economics school with a focus on their realism and consequences. The main attention is paid to differences in perception of the role and method of obtaining information. Assumptions of mainstream economics are based on the comparison identified as intentionally unrealistic, therefore, to fit mathematical models. The text also analysed the effects of mathematization economics, especially in the context of its use for prediction of economic development.
Idealization and exemplification as tools of philosophy
Tommi Lehtonen
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-15 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.330
Imaginary stories and thought experiments are often used in philosophy to clarify, exemplify, and provide evidence or counterevidence for abstract ideas and principles. Stories and thought experiments can illustrate abstract ideas and can test their credibility, or, at least, so it is claimed. As a by-product, stories and thought experiments bring literary, and even entertaining, elements into philosophy. Even a short survey of philosophical literature quickly shows that idealization and exemplification are the main approaches in the use of thought experiments. The aim of idealizations is to conceptualize and condense the central or relevant aspects...
Concerning the Solution to the Russell's paradox
I. M. R. Pinheiro
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-15 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.335
In this note, we solve the Russell's Paradox. We prove that the paradox is just an allurement to help us teach people the foundations of Mathematics properly. Everything in the world, in general, is relative. It would be expected that things in Mathematics, an extreme reduction of the natural world, would be relative as well. The secret, in dealing with Russell's Paradox, is acknowledging the relativism of the mathematical entities, especially the attachment of those to time constraints.
Concerning the Solution to the Liar Paradox
I. M. R. Pinheiro
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-14 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.336
In this paper, we analyze the Liar Paradox. We re-write the problem in order to properly include it in the body of Science and prove that the problem is an allurement to show the complexity of the human mind in the same sense that the Sorites Paradox is an allurement to show the complexity of the human verbal expression.
Philosophy of Mind
The Dualism of Conceptual Scheme and Undifferentiated Reality
Terence Rajivan Edward
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-8 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.321
This paper evaluates a form of dualism, which is referred to here as the dualism of conceptual scheme and undifferentiated reality. According to this dualism, although reality appears to be divided into distinct things from the perspective of our system of concepts, it is actually not. I justify the view that this dualism is incoherent.
Kognitivní pohled na umělou inteligenci
Ondřej Vadinský
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-11 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.331
My essay is inspired by reading of MARC DE MEY's Cognitive paradigm. I characterize his position as, what I call, a cognitive view. Further I characterize SEARLE'S concept of strong artificial intelligence. It is the creation of strong AI, that I consider to be the main goal for the field of artificial intelligence to strive for. I try to find out in which ways could a cognitive view be applied in our endeavour to create strong AI. These ways consist primarily of modelling of world representations, of plurality of such models capable of joining into some kind of unity, and of such a combination of stratified model of perception with actions that would...
Ethics, Social and Political Philosophy
Pojetí přirozeného řádu u Locka a Rothbarda
Ondřej Kostka
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-17 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.318
The focal point of this paper is the thought of two important theorists of the natural law and the natural rights - John Locke and Murray Rothbard. Its goal is to compare their ideas regarding the natural law. We can find the important agreement here, as in the case of giving reasons for the legitimity of private property, but differences as well. Locke and Rothbard differs from each other mainly in their view of state and its origin, what leads either to justification of state by Locke, or to emphatic rejection of it by Rothbard. Rothbard's conception is understood in this paper as the deduction of logical conclusions from Locke's premises.
Myšlenkové potenciály šabatu v hospodářské pospolitosti
Dušan Kučera
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-18 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.322
The study discusses the importance and meaning of the Jewish Shabbat for economic society, which loses consciousness of belonging of human being with the world and nature. Intellectual potential of the Sabbath offers one of the essential recovering bases for the alienation of human natural life and work. The philosophical search for the meaning of work and free time can found its answer in the Judaic framework concept of the meaning of human activities, regular rest and time value. Shabbat contains a message for the perception of the world as a valuable space for life and responsible work with prospective of past, present and future.
Plagiát - selhání jednotlivce či přirozený produkt systému?
Emanuel Hurych
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-14 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.323
This article is devoted to the topic of plagiaries, especially connected with scientific research. The question about the roots of this negative phenomenon in the contemporary society is asked within it. The purposes are connected with personal ambitions of a concrete person and his/her moral qualities undoubtedly. However, the author argues that the complex of factors, which arise from the social conditions, influence occurrence of plagiarism. Some of the social factors even support its appearance. The key message of the text is based on the idea that the conception of research and its evaluation should support meaningful writing and try to decrease...
Společné dobro - realita, nebo fikce?
Marek Loužek
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-22 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.324
In spite of the widespread use of the term "the common good", there was a remarkable dissension among the ancient and medieval thinkers about its specific content. Sometimes, the common good was regarded as the good of the individuals involved or as the good of the community as a whole. As soon as political philosophy started to be based on more individualist foundations, the common good, as a concept, retreated into the shadow. The common good should have two properties: it is good and, moreover, it is common. However, good is not an inner quality per se but it is the subjective judgement of man. It depends on our judgement whether we consider an...
Člověk mezi vůlí a determinismem
Tomáš Sigmund
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-17 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.328
For human action the relation between the voluntary and involuntary moment, freedom and given facts is important. In my article I would like to deal with the relationship between the voluntary and involuntary moment in P. Ricoeur´s trilogy Philosophy of the Will (primarily in its first part). Ricoeur shows the interconnection of both these moments in three phases of action: decision, act, content. If the involuntary moment prevails over the voluntary, man gives in to evil. Man´s aim should be the good: control of the involuntary moment by the voluntary and relationship to another man. Problematic nature of the world´s division into good and evil is...
Model české demokracie a demokratický řád
Lukáš Bernat
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-25 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.333
This paper deals with the modeling described democracy as a political system. David Held offers general models of democracy that belong appropriate societies and traditions. As the democratic system of Czech Republic is specific, this paper tries to synthesize Held's model to depict contemporary Czech democracy. The model combines both the attributes of constitutionality in its formal form, and a real political behavior. Then it tries to find out the position of democracy in social order by means of Hayek's point view.
Plato's antifeminism: a new dualistic approach
Abla Hasan
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-14 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.337
In this paper I argue for a dualistic approach to Plato's antifeminism. According to this approach, I make a distinction between what I call Plato's ordinary-women account and his exceptional-women account. This approach is sufficient, I argue, to solve the many problems usually face the coherence of antifeminist accounts of Plato, caused by his feminist tendencies expressed via his references to Diotima in the Symposium, Aspasia is the Menexenus and to the women-guardians in the Republic.
Epistemology
Truth, Perspectivism, and Philosophy
David Simpson
E-LOGOS 2012, 19(1):1-16 | DOI: 10.18267/j.e-logos.316
In Nietzsche's later work the problem of the possibility of philosophy presents a significant interpretative and practical dilemma. Nietzsche attempts to undermine the idea of the absolute, as a source of value, meaning and truth, and to tease out the traces of this idea in our philosophising. He is thus one of those who has given us the means to complete the Kantian project of moving beyond metaphysical realism and a representational understanding of meaning. However, along with the gift comes a paradox. For Nietzsche's diagnosis seems to make it clear that desire for the absolute is intrinsic to the practice of philosophy - that in important respects,...